![]() The listener may clarify when the “issues” are covered by asking “ Is there anything else?” when the speaker pauses. The act of listening involves complex affective, cognitive and behavioral processes. When listening, a person hears what others are saying and tries to understand what it means. “ A few,” it may be noted, is a vague expression, and what follows may be anywhere from two to five or six issues. Listening is giving attention to a sound or action. Level 1: Passive listening Level 2: Responsive listening Level 3: Selective listening Level 4: Attentive listening Level 5: Active listening Level 6. Even in less formal conversation, speakers will often structure their discourse, especially if they want to make certain they are understood: “ Okay, there are a few issues I need to raise with you….” With this informal marker of “ there are a few-” and the use of the word “ issues,” the speaker signals the importance of what follows. ![]() These devices, called “ discourse markers,” actually help the listener in organizing and understanding the lecture. In a formal lecture or speech, the speaker will usually let you know ahead of time the organization of the discourse: “ Today we will discuss the two types of diabetes, Type One and Type Two, although as we will see, there is some overlap-” and then what will follow is a description of Types One and Two, with the overlap probably addressed at the end. so that you can study.” This is called “ active listening,” in which the listening portion of a conversation becomes as active as the speaking part in communicating a message, and not only helps the listener in understanding what the speaker is saying, but also can help the speaker in organizing his thoughts and clarify what he wants to communicate: e.g., the speaker may be spluttering something about the late hour and her test tomorrow, and may not consciously know what she is trying to ask for-or is too reticent-until the listener clarifies. This gap can be addressed by letting the speaker know what you heard: for example, “ So what I’m hearing from you is that you would like more quiet and fewer distractions after 9 p.m. For example, if you are the type who asks someone how his day was and while he is talking you check your phone or text, it may give the message that you are pretending to care. ![]() This is where multitasking or rapid refocus, or too many insincere small talks may get you in trouble. Repeat back what you think you heard him or her say, as there can often be a gap between what we thought we heard and what the speaker intended. 1.Providing the speaker with your special attention. Ask the speaker to slow down or repeat when you don’t understand or just want to be certain about what you heard.
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